Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

In this research producing fruit milk with apple concentrate or puree was studied. In preliminary experiments milk with puree or concentrate and essence of apple was mixed with different proportions. In order to determine the best formulation the samples were judged by experienced panelists. In addition to determine the best combination of temperature - time for samples pasteurisation, three different conditions were applied as follows: 75°C for 15 minutes. 85°C for 10 minutes and 95°C for 5 minutes. In later stages on the basis of preliminary results apple milk beverage was produced and packed in doy-pak packages. Samples were stored in the refrigerator for 6 weeks in order to evaluate shelf life. During this period; pH, color and appearance, taste, odor and microbial characteristics were determined weekly. Results showed that the mentioned period of organoleptic quality of the samples waw maintained unchanged and the results of microbial experiments for existence of mould, yeast and excrete and non - excrete coliforms was negative.

Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day standard using curve fitting models for genetic and management practices. Individual curves do not have a standard shape in all cases, and can deviate from the standard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, and type of fitted models. These non-standard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing and reversed standards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) and Pollott (biological), on 7659 and 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 and 776 first calving Iranian Simmental and Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) and decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of standard curves from the Pollott and Wood models were 85.5% and 62.2% for Simmental, and 83.1% and 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% and 16.9%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed standard was the most (22.3% and 16.5%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of standardizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).

Effect of rumen protected methionine on blood parameters, milk production and milk composition of Alpine dairy goatsExtended abstractIntroduction & Objective: The growing trend of production and consumption of goat milk and its products in the modern dairy industry requires improving milk production and composition by nutritional methods. Optimal imbalance of biodegradable and non-biodegradable protein in ruminants can limit microbial protein production, nitrogen utilization efficiency, fiber digestion, and access to optimal amino acid levels in the small intestine. Supplementation of protein sources with low degradability improves nitrogen utilization efficiency and optimal amino acid pattern at the surface of the small intestine. Microbial amino acids meet the animal's need if the animal is in a state of maintenance or minimal growth, while to achieve maximum growth or production the need must be met by non-biodegradable protein in the rumen. Maximum production requires sufficient amounts of essential amino acids, so to support the physiological and production needs of livestock, the use of protected amino acid supplements in the rumen is recommended. Protected amino acids lysine and methionine are more commonly known as milk-limiting amino acids, and methionine also plays a unique role as a starting amino acid in protein synthesis. This study was performed to evaluate the protected methionine and its effects on milk production and composition in Alpine dairy goats.Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with at least 15 replications per treatment, so that 45 Alpine lactating goats with 200 lactation days for 4 weeks, randomly were allocated for three experimental diets included: 1- Basal diet plus 2 g of commercially protected methionine 2- Control (basal diet without protected methionine) 3- Basal diet plus 2 g of protected methionine synthesized in vitro.Results: The results showed that methionine coating significantly reduced the degradability of methionine in the rumen (p <0.001). Also, the effect of experimental treatments on milk production and composition as well as blood parameters such as albumin, cholesterol, total protein, glucose and triglyceride was not significant in lactating goats (p> 0.05).Conclusion: using protected methionine can significantly reduce the degradability of methionine in the rumen but may has no effect on milk production and composition as well as blood parameters in dairy goats at farm situation, Of course more studies and data are needed.Keywords: Amino acid, Rumen protected methionine, Protein, Digestibilityh h h h h h h h h

In this study, the effect of vine training system and storage time were evaluated on some grape characteristics, such as berry contamination percentage, berry shedding percentage, berry browning rate, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total phenol and the activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzymes, in order to maintain the quality of grape during storage time. Factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with two factors of vine training system (Khazandeh, pergola and cordon) and storage time (zero, 20, 40 and 60 days after storage) with three replications during 2018-2019. After transferring the fruits to the cold storage with temperature of +4◦C, relative humidity of 85-90% and storage for two months, some characteristics of grape were examined on different days after storage. The results showed that the level of contamination of the berry increased over time, and during the storage period, the lowest level of contamination (13. 706%) was related to the cordon training system. Also, after 60 days of storage, the lowest percentage of berry drop (27. 535%) was observed in the fruits harvested from the cordon training system. The amount of berry browning after 60 days of storage was significantly higher than other times. The highest amount of TSS (26. 182 degrees Brix) was related to the Khazandeh training system in 40 days after storage, however, a significant decrease in the value of this index was observed during 60 days after storage. The results showed that the amount of phenol increased until the end of the storage period, and the maximum amount of phenol in all three training systems was significantly higher than other days in 60 days after storage. The level of peroxidase enzyme activity in the Khazandeh training system reached its highest level at 20 days after storage, while in the other two training systems, it was significantly higher than the other days at 40 days after storage. Also, the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme reached its maximum level in 40 days after storage in Khazandeh and pergola training systems and then decreased. While in cordon training system, the highest activity of this enzyme was observed after 60 days of storage. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase enzyme increased during the storage period, and 60 days after storage, the highest activity of this enzyme was related to the pergola training system. In general, the results showed that the cordon training system had the best effect in maintaining the characteristics of grape during the storage period compared to other training methods.

Performance enhancement is one of the ways to manage profitability and improve competitiveness in manufacturing units. Regarding the position of milk production under the livestock sector, despite the dispersion and difficulty of collecting the required data, in this study, data envelopment analysis was used to identify the solutions for optimal management in livestock units of Mianeh county. Data were collected through a questionnaire in a census sampling of 40 units. The results showed that from 40 units studied only nine units had less than one efficiency score and there was a possibility to provide a solution for improvement in performance according to available information for them. Of course the average efficiency of the units studied was equal to 0. 945, which indicates functionally suitable for the production of milk in the studied area. According to the research findings, consumption of electricity, medicine, forage, and straw requires more attention, as well as the unit 31 was found to be the superior unit in terms of effectiveness and repetition among the units studied.